Paper
Implicit Same-Sex Couple Representation in Open-Ended Narratives from Eight Contemporary Language Models
Kurt Boden · WorldCal Independent Research · sfkurt27@gmail.com · August 2026
Licensed CC BY 4.0 for WorldCal-authored text.
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When a language model is asked to write an ordinary story about a couple living in the United States, and the prompt never states the couple’s gender composition, how often is that couple explicitly same-sex? This paper measures that implicit representation in open-ended narratives from eight contemporary models, separately for married and unmarried-cohabiting frames, with American Community Survey (ACS) couple-household shares as empirical references rather than normative targets.
Cite: Boden, K. (2026). Implicit same-sex couple representation in open-ended narratives from eight contemporary language models. WorldCal Independent Research.
Updates
29 August 2026 — Clarification update. Clarified the API collection protocol, added an appendix visualization of SAME_SEX / DIFFERENT_SEX / INDETERMINATE outcomes, and corrected minor public-facing text. No study data, labels, statistical analyses, or primary results changed.